http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/codelist/FAOHorizonSubordinateValueINSPIRE Registry teamJRC-INSPIRE-SUPPORT@ec.europa.euhttp://inspire.ec.europa.eu/registry2015-08-18 17:18 PM CEST2015-08-18 17:18 PM CESTFAO Horizon SubordinateA code list of designations of subordinate distinctions and features within the master horizons and layers which are based on profile characteristics observable in the field and are applied during the description of the soil at the site.Lower case letters are used as suffixes to designate specific kinds of master horizons and layers, and other features. SOURCE Guidelines for soil description, 4th edition, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 2006, pp. 67-77, table 85http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/codelist/FAOHorizonSubordinateValue/a2023-07-28 12:00 PM CEST2023-07-26 13:48 PM CESTaHighly decomposed organic materialHighly decomposed organic material: Used with H and O horizons only, to indicate the state of decomposition of the organic material. Highly decomposed organic material has less than one-sixth (by volume) visible plant remains.http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/codelist/FAOHorizonSubordinateValue/b2023-07-28 12:00 PM CEST2023-07-26 13:49 PM CESTbBuried genetic horizonBuried genetic horizon: Used in mineral soils to indicate identifiable buried horizons with major genetic features that were formed before burial. Genetic horizons may or may not have formed in the overlying materials, which may be either like or unlike the assumed parent materials of the buried soil. The symbol is not used in organic soils or to separate an organic layer from a mineral layer, in cryoturbated soils, or with C horizons.http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/codelist/FAOHorizonSubordinateValue/c2023-07-28 12:00 PM CEST2023-07-26 13:49 PM CESTcConcretions or nodulesConcretions or nodules: In mineral soil, it indicates a significant accumulation of concretions or nodules. The nature and consistence of the nodules is specified by other suffixes and in the horizon description.http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/codelist/FAOHorizonSubordinateValue/c-L2023-07-28 12:00 PM CEST2023-07-26 13:49 PM CESTc-LCoprogenous earthCoprogenous earth: With limnic material L it denotes coprogenous earth, i.e. organic materials deposited under water and dominated by faecal material from aquatic animals.http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/codelist/FAOHorizonSubordinateValue/f2023-07-28 12:00 PM CEST2023-07-26 13:50 PM CESTfFrozen soilFrozen soil: Designates horizons or layers that contain permanent ice or are perennially colder than 0 °C. It is not used for seasonally frozen layers or for bedrock layers (R). If needed, ?dry frozen soil? layers may be labelled (f).http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/codelist/FAOHorizonSubordinateValue/d-L2023-07-28 12:00 PM CEST2023-07-26 13:49 PM CESTd-LDiatomaceous earthDiatomaceous earth: In combination with limnic material L, it is used to indicate diatomaceous earth, i.e. materials deposited under water and dominated by the siliceous remains of diatoms.http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/codelist/FAOHorizonSubordinateValue/e2023-07-28 12:00 PM CEST2023-07-26 13:49 PM CESTeModerately decomposed organic materialModerately decomposed organic materials: Used with H and O horizons only, to indicate the state of decomposition of the organic material. Moderately decomposed organic material has between one-sixth and twothirds (by volume) visible plant remains.http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/codelist/FAOHorizonSubordinateValue/g2023-07-28 12:00 PM CEST2023-07-26 13:50 PM CESTgStagnic conditionsStagnic conditions: Designates horizons in which a distinct pattern of mottling occurs that reflects alternating conditions of oxidation and reduction of sesquioxides, caused by seasonal surface waterlogging. If aggregates are present, the interiors of the aggregates show oxidizing colours and the surface parts reducing colours.http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/codelist/FAOHorizonSubordinateValue/d2023-07-28 12:00 PM CEST2023-07-26 13:49 PM CESTdDense layer (physically root restrictive)Dense layer: Used in mineral soils to indicate a layer of relatively unaltered, mostly earthy material that is non-cemented, but that has such bulk density or internal organization that roots cannot enter except in cracks; the symbol is not used in combination with the symbols m (cementation) and x (fragipan).http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/codelist/FAOHorizonSubordinateValue/i-HO2023-07-28 11:59 AM CEST2023-07-26 13:37 PM CESTi-HOSlightly decomposed organic material;"Slightly decomposed organic material: In organic soils and used in combination with H or O horizons, it indicates the state of decomposition of the organic materialslightly decomposed organic material has in more than two-thirds (by volume) visible plant remains."http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/codelist/FAOHorizonSubordinateValue/r2023-07-28 11:59 AM CEST2023-07-26 13:45 PM CESTrStrong reductionStrong reduction: Indicates presence of iron in reduced state. If r is used with B, pedogenetic change in addition to reduction is implied; if no other change has taken place, the horizon is designated Cr.http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/codelist/FAOHorizonSubordinateValue/u2023-07-28 11:59 AM CEST2023-07-26 13:45 PM CESTuUrban and other human-made materialsUrban and other human-made materials: Used to indicate the dominant presence of human-made materials, including technogenic ones. The symbol can be used in combination with H, O, A, E, B and C.http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/codelist/FAOHorizonSubordinateValue/x2023-07-28 11:59 AM CEST2023-07-26 13:47 PM CESTxFragipan characteristicsFragipan characteristics: Used to indicate genetically developed firmness, brittleness or high bulk density. These features are characteristic of fragipans, but some horizons designated x do not have all the properties of a fragipan.http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/codelist/FAOHorizonSubordinateValue/k2023-07-28 11:59 AM CEST2023-07-26 13:41 PM CESTkAccumulation of pedogenetic carbonatesAccumulation of pedogenetic carbonates: Indicates an accumulation of alkaline earth carbonates, commonly calcium carbonate.http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/codelist/FAOHorizonSubordinateValue/l2023-07-28 11:59 AM CEST2023-07-26 13:43 PM CESTlCapillary fringe mottling (gleying)Capillary fringe mottling: Indicates mottling caused by ascending groundwater. If aggregates are present, the interiors of the aggregates show reducing colours and the surface parts oxidizing colours.http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/codelist/FAOHorizonSubordinateValue/z2023-07-28 11:59 AM CEST2023-07-26 13:48 PM CESTzPedogenetic accumulation of salts more soluble than gypsumPedogenetic accumulation of salts more soluble than gypsum: Indicates an accumulation of salts more soluble than gypsum.http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/codelist/FAOHorizonSubordinateValue/@2023-07-28 11:59 AM CEST2023-07-26 13:48 PM CEST@Evidence of cryoturbationEvidence of cryoturbation: irregular or broken boundaries, sorted rock fragments (patterned ground), or organic matter in the lower boundary between the active layer and permafrost layer. The suffix is always used last, e.g. Hi@.http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/codelist/FAOHorizonSubordinateValue/j2023-07-28 11:59 AM CEST2023-07-26 13:38 PM CESTjJarosite accumulationJarosite: Indicates the presence of jarosite mottles, coatings or hypodermic coatings.http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/codelist/FAOHorizonSubordinateValue/v2023-07-28 11:59 AM CEST2023-07-26 13:46 PM CESTvOccurrence of plinthiteOccurrence of plinthite: Indicates the presence of iron-rich, humus-poor material that is firm or very firm when moist and that hardens irreversibly when exposed to the atmosphere. When hardened, it is no longer called plinthite but a hardpan, ironstone, a petroferric or a skeletic phase. In that case, v is used in combination with m.http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/codelist/FAOHorizonSubordinateValue/t2023-07-28 11:59 AM CEST2023-07-26 13:45 PM CESTtIlluvial accumulation of silicate clayAccumulation of silicate clay: Used with B or C to indicate an accumulation of silicate clay that either has formed in the horizon or has been moved into it by illuviation, or both. At least some part should show evidence of clay accumulation in the form of coatings on ped surfaces or in pores, as lamellae, or as bridges between mineral grains.http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/codelist/FAOHorizonSubordinateValue/m-L2023-07-28 11:59 AM CEST2023-07-26 13:43 PM CESTm-LMarlMarl: In combination with limnic material it is used to indicate marl, i.e. materials deposited under water and dominated by a mixture of clay and calcium carbonate; typically grey in colour.http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/codelist/FAOHorizonSubordinateValue/n2023-07-28 11:59 AM CEST2023-07-26 13:43 PM CESTnPedogenetic accumulation of exchangeable sodiumPedogenetic accumulation of exchangeable sodium: Indicates an accumulation of exchangeable sodium.http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/codelist/FAOHorizonSubordinateValue/h2023-07-28 11:59 AM CEST2023-07-26 13:37 PM CESThAccumulation of organic matter"Accumulation of organic matter: Designates the accumulation of organic matter in mineral horizons. The accumulation may occur in surface horizons, or in subsurface horizons through illuviation."http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/codelist/FAOHorizonSubordinateValue/w2023-07-28 11:59 AM CEST2023-07-26 13:47 PM CESTwDevelopment of colour or structureDevelopment of colour or structure in B: Used with B only to indicate development of colour or structure, or both. It is not used to indicate a transitional horizon.http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/codelist/FAOHorizonSubordinateValue/m2023-07-28 11:59 AM CEST2023-07-26 13:43 PM CESTmStrong cementation or induration (pedogenetic, massive)Strong cementation or induration: Indicates in mineral soils continuous or nearly continuous cementation, and is used only for horizons that are more than 90 percent cemented, although they may be fractured. The layer is root restrictive and roots do not enter except along fracture planes. The single predominant or codominant cementing agent may be indicated using defined letter suffices single or in pairs. If the horizon is cemented by carbonates km is used; by silica, qm; by iron, sm; by gypsum, ym; by both lime and silica, kqm; and by salts more soluble than gypsum, zm.http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/codelist/FAOHorizonSubordinateValue/q2023-07-28 11:59 AM CEST2023-07-26 13:44 PM CESTqAccumulation of pedogenetic silicaAccumulation of pedogenetic silica: Indicates an accumulation of secondary silica. If silica cements the layer and cementation is continuous or nearly continuous, qm is used.http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/codelist/FAOHorizonSubordinateValue/o2023-07-28 11:59 AM CEST2023-07-26 13:44 PM CESToResidual accumulation of sesquioxides (pedogenetic)Residual accumulation of sesquioxides: Indicates residual accumulation of sesquioxides. It differs from the use of symbol s, which indicates illuvial accumulation of organic matter and sesquioxide complexes.http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/codelist/FAOHorizonSubordinateValue/p2023-07-28 11:59 AM CEST2023-07-26 13:44 PM CESTpPloughing or other human disturbancePloughing or other human disturbance: Indicates disturbance of the surface layer by ploughing or other tillage practices. A disturbed organic horizon is designated Op or Hp. A disturbed mineral horizon, even though clearly once an E, B or C, is designated Ap.http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/codelist/FAOHorizonSubordinateValue/s2023-07-28 11:59 AM CEST2023-07-26 13:45 PM CESTsIlluvial accumulation of sesquioxidesIlluvial accumulation of sesquioxides: Used with B to indicate the accumulation of illuvial, amorphous, dispersible organic matter?sesquioxide complexes if the value and chroma of the horizon are more than 3. The symbol is also used in combination with h as Bhs if both the organic matter and sesquioxides components are significant and both value and chroma are about 3 or less.http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/codelist/FAOHorizonSubordinateValue/i2023-07-28 11:59 AM CEST2023-07-26 13:37 PM CESTiSlickensides"Slickensides: Denotes in mineral soils the occurrence of slickensides, i.e. oblique shear faces 20–60º of horizontal owing to the shrink-swell action of clay; wedge-shaped peds and seasonal surface cracks are commonly present."http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/codelist/FAOHorizonSubordinateValue/y2023-07-28 11:59 AM CEST2023-07-26 13:47 PM CESTyPedogenetic accumulation of gypsumPedogenetic accumulation of gypsum: Indicates an accumulation of gypsum.